In this review, we discuss the current status of different approaches to effectively inactive the vegetative cells and spores of C. perfringens, especially in food industries and food products. Therefore, to minimize these substantial economical losses, strategies are being developed to inactivate the spores and vegetative cells of C. This high incidence would subsequently lead to substantial losses in terms of economics, manpower, and medical expenses ( 18). perfringens as an etiological agent ( 17). perfringens is currently ranked as the third most common foodborne pathogen in the United States ( 16), and it is estimated that almost a million cases of food-associated illnesses occurred annually in the United States, implicating C. perfringens spores in food vehicles, where they undergo germination and outgrowth to revert to vegetative cells and then cause FP illness in humans upon consumption of these contaminated foods ( 2). The possession of high resistance properties facilitates the survival of C. These facts suggest the importance of developing an effective strategy that could kill or inhibit the growth of different strains of C. Besides resistance to heat, vegetative cells and spores of C- cpe isolates possess higher resistance to various food preservative measures, including low temperature, osmosis-induced stress, and nitrite, than those of the P- cpe isolates ( 13, 15). perfringens type A C- cpe isolates exhibited significantly higher heat resistance than those of P- cpe and cpe-negative isolates ( 11, 12, 14). For example, vegetative cells and spores of C. perfringens vegetative cells are less resistant to these stress factors than their spore counterparts, and these resistance phenotypes vary among strains and growth conditions ( 11, – 13). perfringens FP isolates have the ability to form spores that are highly resistant to various stress factors such as high temperature, high pressure, toxic chemicals, and radiation ( 10). perfringens isolates harboring the CPE-encoding gene ( cpe) on the chromosome (C- cpe isolates), whereas isolates that possess cpe on the plasmid (P- cpe isolates) are linked to the occurrence of NFB GI diseases such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea and sporadic diarrhea, with some exceptions ( 7, – 9). Interestingly, most of the reported FP cases have been associated with C. perfringens-associated food poisoning (FP) and nonfoodborne (NFB) GI diseases ( 3, – 6). perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), which is the major virulence factor for the pathogenesis of C. perfringens strains are classified into five toxin types (types A to E) ( 3). Depending on the production of four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota), C. perfringens can produce as many as 17 different toxins, but there is not a single strain that produces all of these toxins ( 3). Although most strains of this species do not cause any harm to human and animals, a few of them are of concern due to their ability to cause a variety of histotoxic and gastrointestinal (GI) diseases ( 3, 4). perfringens cells and spores are summarized, and the potential limitations and challenges of these strategies are discussed.Ĭlostridium perfringens is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium and can be found ubiquitously in the environment, including the guts of humans and other animals ( 1, 2). In this review, different inactivation strategies applied to control C.
perfringens spores and vegetative cells, which include physical approaches and the use of chemical preservatives and naturally derived antimicrobial agents. A number of studies have been conducted in the past decade or so toward developing efficient inactivation strategies for C. perfringens spores is still a great challenge. perfringens vegetative cells are effective, the inactivation of C. perfringens spores are crucial in terms of the pathogenicity of this bacterium because they can survive in a dormant state in the environment and return to being live bacteria when they come in contact with nutrients in food or the human body. Clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen to human and animals and causes a wide array of diseases, including histotoxic and gastrointestinal illnesses.
0 kommentar(er)
